Sociocultural and perinatal health factors associated with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children

Abstract

While previous research has examined perinatal factors in the context of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), studies focusing on sociocultural factors is limited. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis utilizing data from the Australian Autism Biobank (AAB), which encompasses autistic children aged 2?17, their siblings, parents, and unrelated controls. Employing multivariable regression analyses, we aimed to identify factors associated with ASD across various domains, spanning health and lifestyle, perinatal, and postnatal contexts. Importantly, our analyses were adjusted for critical sociodemographic covariates. Advanced maternal age, male sex at birth, and identifying as from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) background, were found to be associated with risk of ASD. Pre-existing chronic health conditions in both parents and paternal medication use before conception were also associated with ASD risk in children. Associations with complications during pregnancy, caesarean delivery, and maternal medication use during pregnancy were also found. Postnatal factors of interest included the presence of health conditions (e.g., epilepsy), infections in early-life (e.g., respiratory infections), and atypical development in the first six months of life (e.g., hypotonia). These insights can guide closer monitoring and support for those with pre-existing vulnerabilities especially in terms of certain perinatal and sociocultural characteristics. � 2025 The Authors